Each chapter concludes with “Exercises.”
1. Introduction to Waves.
Types of Waves.
Wave Shapes.
Propagation Velocity and Medium Velocity.
Sinusoidal Waves: More Terminology.
Oscillating Things and Sinusoidal Waves.
Application of the Concept of Waves to Sound.
Relationship Among v, f and <0108>.
Wave Velocity and Properties of the Medium.
Elastic Properties of Air.
Reflection and Transmission of Waves.
Interference and Superposition.
2. Standing Waves in Ropes and Strings.
Formation of Standing Waves.
Boundary Conditions.
Normal Modes for a String Tied at Both Ends.
Normal Modes for String Tied at One End and Free at the Other.
Normal Modes for a String Loose at Both Ends.
3. Standing Waves in Air Columns.
Longitudinal Displacement Waves.
Normal Modes for an Air Column Closed at Both Ends.
Normal Modes for an Air Column Open at Both Ends.
Normal Modes for an Air Column with One End Open and One End Closed.
4. Resonance.
5. Wavefronts.
Wavefronts.
Wavefronts and Space Interference.
Diffraction of Waves.
6. Complex Waves.
Phase of a Wave.
Complex Wave Forms.
Complex Traveling Waves.
Complex Standing Waves.
Beats.
Sound Quality.
Non-Repetitive Sounds.
7. Wave Analysis.
Frequency Spectrum.
Fourier Analysis.
Behavior of the String with Time.
Rules for Repeat Frequencies of Complex Waves.
Filters.
Fourier Analysis of Traveling Waves.
Exercises.
8. Speech Production.
Vocal Organs.
Vocal Fold Vibration.
Acoustic Properties of the Vocal Tract.
Sound Spectrographs.
9. Acoustics of Different Speech Sounds.
Vowels.
Consonants.
Glide and Liquid Consonants.
Nasal Consonants.
Fricative Consonants.
Stop Consonants.
Coarticulation.
10. Work and Energy.
Work and Energy.
Work-Energy Theorem.
Wave Energy.
Relation of Wave Energy to Wave Amplitude.
Units of Energy.
Relation of Energy to Power.
Relation of Power to Intensity.
Audible Levels of Intensity.
Scientific Notation (Powers of Ten).
Expressing Arbitrary Numbers in Scientific Notation.
Addition and Subtraction of Arbitrary Numbers in Scientific Notation.
Multiplication and Division of Arbitrary Numbers in Scientific Notation.
11. Perception of Sound Intensity.
The Bel Scale for Sound Intensities.
The Decibel Scale for Sound Intensities.
Fractional Powers of Ten.
Logarithms.
Logs of Products and Quotients.
Logs of Numbers Between 0 and 1, and Greater than 10.
Logs and Negative Numbers.
Some Examples Involving Decibels.
Intensity Level vs. Loudness Level.
Negative Decibel Values.
The Addition of Intensity and Loudness.
12. The Ear and the Hearing Mechanism.
The Outer Ear.
The Middle Ear.
The Inner Ear.
The Process of Hearing.
