Each chapter concludes with “Chapter Summary,” “Key Words” and “Suggested Readings,” and “References.”
1. Introduction to Anthropology and Methods for Studying Humans in the Past.
Introduction to Anthropology.
The Scientific Method.
Common Sense, Science, and Religion.
Archaeological Evidence.
How Archaeologists Find Evidence.
Analysis of Artifacts.
Biological Evidence.
Dating Artifacts and Fossils.
Box 1.1. In the Alps with the Ice Man.
Box 1.2 In the News at Ozette Village.
Box 1.3 In the News: The African American Burial Ground in New York City.
2. Principles of Biological Evolution.
What is Evolution?
The Tempo of Evolution.
The Causes of Evolution.
What Really Evolves.
Box 2-1. In Mendel's Garden.
Box 2.2. In the Galapagos Islands with Darwin and His Finches.
Box 2.3. In the News: Iceland and the Human Genome.
3. Macroevolution: First Life Through Non-Human Primates.
Principles of Reconstructing Macroevolution and Common Ancestral Groups.
Macroevolution.
The Emergence of Primates.
Primate Evolution.
Primate Behavior.
Box 3.1. In the Field and Museum with the Burgess Shale.
Box 3.2. In the Fayum Depression.
4. Early Hominids in Africa: Ardipithecus, Australopitchecus, Homo Habilis
What is a Hominid?
Hominid Trends.
Taxonomy and How Many Hominids.
The First Potential Hominids.
The Genus Australopithecus.
Enter the Genus Homo.
Box 4.1. In the Field with Don Johanson.
Box 4.2: In the News with the Piltdown Forgery.
Box 4.3 The Other Evolving Sex.
5. Later Hominids: Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens.
Home erectus: The Controversy and the Species.
From H. erectus to H. sapiens.
Early Archaic H. Sapiens.
Late Archaic H. Sapiens (Neandertals).
Enter Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH).
The Evolution of Speech.
Behaviorally Modern Humans (BMH).
Box 5.1. In Africa with Nariokotome.
Box 5.2. In the News with the Portugese Kid.
6. Modern Primates.
Primatology.
Overview of Modern Primates.
Case Studies of Modern Primate Species.
Modern Monkeys.
Modern Apes.
Endangered Primates.
Box 6.1 Checking Out Chimpanzee Culture.
Box 6.2 In the Field with those Sexy Bonobos.
7. Modern Humans.
The Last 50 kyr in the Old World.
Native Americans: Facts and Controversies.
General Trends of Modern Humans.
Human Biological Variation in the Year 2004.
A History of “Race” in America: From Biology to Culture.
Human Adaptation.
Applied Biological Anthropology.
Forensic/Legal Anthropology.
The Future of the Human Species.
Box 7.1 In the News: Identification of Josef Mengele.
Box 7.2. We Are What We Were, Or Are We?
8. The Emergence of Culture in Early Hominid Societies: 2.6 MYR To 12 KYR.
The Environmental Background.
The Evidence: Climate and Artifacts.
Early Hominid Society: The Early Stone Age and Lower Palaeolithic (2.6 MYR to 250 KYR Ago).
Human Adaptations in the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Stone Age.
Humans Across the Globe: Life Between 40 and 10 KYR.
Box 8.1 Understanding Stone Tools.
Box 8.2. Paleolithic Art in Eurasia.
Box 8.3 The Peopling of Australia and the Pacific.
9. Later Hunter Gatherers and Early Farming Societies in the Old World.
The Changing Climate of the Early Holocene.
Hunter-Gatherers of the Early Holocene.
Subsistence Practices of Early Holocene Groups.
The Emergence of Farming in Old World Neolithic Societies.
Agriculture in Europe.
Farming in China.
Pastoralism and Cultivation in Africa.
Social Complexity among Farming Communities.
Box 9.1. Genes, Languages, and Farmers.
Box 9.2. Pottery and Archaeology.
10. The Emergence of State Societies.
Mesopotamia.
The Early Egyptian State.
State Societies of the Indus.
The Shang State of Northeast China.
Early States in Tropical Africa.
Jenne-Jeno and Urban Complexity in the Middle Niger.
Concluding Comments on Early States.
Box 10.1 Oppida-Celtic Centers of Temperate Europe.
Box 10.2. The Emergence of Writing in the Old World.
11. Later Hunter-Gatherers and Early Farming Societies in the Americas.
Note on Calibration of Radiocarbon Dates.
Colonization of the Americas.
The Clovis Phenomenon.
Hunting, Foraging and Fishing in the Holocene: Archaic Cultures.
The Eastern Woodlands.
The Great Basin.
Hunter-Forager-Fisher Groups of the Northwest Coast of North America
Foraging, Fishing and Hunting Groups of California.
The Development of Agriculture.
Agriculture in Central America: The Mexican Element.
Domesticated Species in South American Andes.
Agricultural Societies in Eastern North America.
Hopewell Agricultural Communities.
Agricultural Societies in Southwest North America.
Subsistence Practices in the Southwest.
Hohokam.
Mogollon.
Anasazi.
Box 11.1 Cahokia, Crown of Prehistoric Mississippian Chiefdoms.
Box 11.2 Animal Extinctions.
12. The Emergence of State Societies in the Americas.
Early Mesoamerican States.
The Olmecs: Chiefdom or State.
The Maya.
City Planning at Teotihuacan, Mexico.
Early States in South America.
Moche.
Tiwanaku-State and Early Empire?
Wari: State and Early Empire.
Powerful Empires of the New World: The Aztecs and Incas.
The Aztec Empire.
The Inca Empire.
Box 12.1 Calendars and Writing in Mesoamerica and South America.
Box 12.2 Ancient Agricultural Methods and Modern Farmers in Peru.
13. Conclusions: What Is It To Be Human?
